1. the calf receives colostrum, the mammary secretion PRODUCED (Past Participle)by the cow immediately following parturition.
2. though some cows have LIVED (Present Perfect) 17 years or more, the average cow is culled or dies between five and six years of age.
3. a deficiency of niacin WAS (Past Simple) one of the causative factors in pellagra.
4. popular scientists WERE WORKING (Past Continuous) there for some period of time.