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The Constitution of the USA
Under the Constitution power was further divided among the three branches of the national government: legislative (Congress), executive (the President) and judicial (the Supreme Court). Each was given its own authority.
These three powers established a so-called system of the checks and balances. This system gives each branch the means to restrain the other two. For example, the President has the power to veto acts passed by Congress, but Congress may override the veto by a two-thirds majority. But the Supreme Court has the power to declare Acts of Congress (or of any State legislature) or the actions of a President to be illegal (or unconstitutional) if they are in conflict with the Constitution.
The Constitution provided the election of a national leader, or president. In 1789 George Washington was unanimously elected the first President of the United States.