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The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and northern part of Asia. It’s total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.
There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppers in the south, plains and forests in the highland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian sea. The main Siberian rivers - the ob, the Yenisei and the Lena - flows from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake ( 1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller "than the Baltic sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.
Russia has one-sixty of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.
On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.
Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources. Three - quarters of the republic’s mineral wealth is concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Russia a highly industrialised - agrarian republic. Approximately 10 million people are engaged in agriculture and the produce half of the region’s grain, meat, milk and other dairy products.
The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution ot 1993.
Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches; legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President. The President is also the commander- in- chief of the armed forces.
The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly comprising two chambers: the Council of Federation ( upper Chamber) and the State Duma (lower Chamber). Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four- year period. The executive power belongs to the government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of Courts comprising the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and federal courts.
Our country is a multinational state. It comprises many national districts. several autonomous republics and regions. The population of the country is over 140 million people.
The European part of the country is densely populated.
Moscow is the capital of our homeland. It is largest political scientific, cultural and industrial centre of the country and one of the most beautiful cities. Russian is the official language of the state. The national symbols of the Russian Federation: a double headed eagle and a white-blue-red banner. The white stripe of the banner symbolizes the Earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty.
The largest cities of Russia are St.Petersburg, Volgograd, Vladivostok, Krasnodar, Irkutsk and so on.