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There are almost as many ways of making pictures as there are artists. Most of the
pictures we can see in picture galleries are paintings, but there are also drawings, prints, collages ('kDla:3iz] and photographs.
There are a lot of different kinds of pictures and picture-making materials. For example, pastel drawings are made using soft crayons known as pastels ['paestlz]. Some paintings are made using fast-drying, egg-based paints known as tempera ['temparal. Paintings can also be made using water-based paints — either trans¬parent paints known as watercolours or opaque (au'peikj paints {pot transparent) known as
gouache [gu'u:/]. Oil paintings are made using glossy slow-drying oil paints.
These paints are based on "drying oils" such as walnut oil, for example, which harden slowly when exposed to the air.
Frescoes are waLl paintings, made by painting watercolours onto wet plaster.
Prints are made using carved blocks or stencils with holes cut in them. Blocks are coated with ink and pressed onto paper. Stencils are laid over paper and spread with ink so the ink prints through the holes.
Collages are made by gluing down bits of colour paper or other materials.
Apart from various kinds of paints artists also use brushes of all sizes, pa¬per, canvas, palettes, easels and many other objects which purpose may not be clear To a layman.
The invention of oil paints was a revolution in art. Unlike earlier tempera paints they take a long time to dry, so artists can work slowly and build up colours gradually, in layers. This is great for delicate shading and fine details, allowing artists to create in¬credibly lifelike pictures.
Oil paints were first developed in northern Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, by artists such as Jan van Eyck who worked in the town of Bruges in Belgium. Until about 150 years ago, artists had to make their paints by hand, grinding up paints and mixing them with oils. But today you can buy ready-made paints of various tints and shades in tubes.
A painting often shows what colours the artist prefers. Some pictures are painted in cold colours, where blues and greens dominate; others are made in warm colours, colours of fire and sunshine— reds and yellows.
Also artists often show their preference to a particular genre. The most common of them are the portrait, landscape or seascape, still life, and genre painting. Pictures, frescoes, prints, collages are 2-D or two-dimensional while sculptures are 3-D works of art. The art of sculpting is probably as old as the art of painting both were known in prehistoric times. For their representations of people, animals or objects sculptors use materials like stone, wood, clay or metal. The two main sculpture techniques are carving and modelling. The carved image is created by cutting unwanted material away from a block of stone or wood. Modelling, by contrast, is manipulating some soft plastic material such as clay, wax or plaster until the wanted image is reached. Because modelling materials are soft, models are usually turned into a more lasting form, either by heating, as with clay, or by casting them in bronze or some other metal.