’m = am
’s = is или has
’re = are
’ve = have
’ll = will или shall
’d = would или had
’s может быть is или has:
He’s ill. = He is ill. – Он болен.
He’s gone away. = He has gone away. – Он ушел.
’d может быть would или had:
I’d see a doctor if I were you. = I would see a doctor if I were you. – На твоем месте, я бы обратился к врачу.
I’d never seen her before. = I had never seen her before. – Я никогда не видел ее раньше.