1) Общий вопрос:
Was the first calculating machine invented many years ago?
Специальный вопрос:
When was the first calculating machine invented?
Отрицательное предложение:
The first calculating machine wwasn't invented many years ago.
2) Общий вопрос:
Have you been to Paris many times since that?
Специальный вопрос:
Where have you been many times since that?
Отрицательное предложение:
I haven't been to Paris many times since that.