Делим в столбик
6*x^3 + c*x^2 - 43*x + 30 | x-3
6*x^3 - 18*x^2 |---------------
-------------------------- 6*x^2 + (c+18)x - 10
(c+18)*x^2 - 43x
(c+18)*x^2 - 3(c+18)x
---------------------------
{3(с+18)-43}x + 30
-10x + 30
--------------
0
3(c+18)-43=-10
3(c+18) = 33
c+18 = 11
c=-7
проверка
6*x^3 - 7*x^2 - 43*x + 30 | x-3
6*x^3 - 18*x^2 |---------------
-------------------------- 6*x^2 +11*x - 10
11x^2 - 43x
11x^2 -33x
---------------------------
-10x + 30
-10x + 30
--------------
0
Ответ -7