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Text в: «steel»

The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy — steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong and stiff, but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corro­sion. The amount of carbon in a steel influences its prop­erties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Medium-carbon steels con­taining from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and weld­ing. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel, also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cent carbon and is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.

The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and tough­ness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for trans­former cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chro­mium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vana­dium, molybdenum and other metals.
General understanding:
1. What is steel? 2. What are the main properties of steel? 3. What are the drawbacks of steel? 4. What kinds of steel do you know? Where are they used? 5. What gives the addition of manganese, silicon and chromium to steel? 6. What can be made of mild steels (medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels)? 7. What kind of steels can be forged and welded? 8. How can we get rust-proof (stainless) steel? 9. What is used to form a hard surface on steel? 10. What are high-speed steels alloyed with?

Answer 1

1. Steel - its alloy and the most important metal in industry is iron.
2. Steel is strong and stiff.
3. Steel corrodes easily through rusting.
4. Stainless, steels of low carbon content, medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels and silver steel. The used in the manufacture; used as structural steels; used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs.
5. Manganese gives extra strength and tough­ness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for trans­former cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chro­mium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels.
6. Of mild steel can made sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Of medium-carbon steel can made structural steels.
Of high-carbon steels made cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs.
7. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and weld­ing.
8. The addition of chro­mium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels.
9.  Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel.
10. High-speed steels alloyed with contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vana­dium, molybdenum and other metals.