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Company types and structures
Business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. In the modern world the control of production is largely in the hands of individual business people or entrepreneurs, who organize and direct industry for gaining profits.
The main forms of business organization are described below.
Individual Proprietorship
(Sole Trader or Sole Proprietor)
This is the simplest way of starting a business. You are self-employed and fully responsible for all the aspects of the management of your business.
In this form of organization the owner himself is responsible for success or failure of his business. Any line of business is open to an owner.
Although this form of small business has its advantages, it has certain drawbacks, too. In the first place the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be invested by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses. This is called unlimited liability.
Partnership
Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership. All partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership and profits and losses are shared between them.
The agreement to form an association of this nature is called a partnership contract and may include distribution of profits, fiscal responsibilities, and a specific length of time during which the partnership is in effect
Public and private companies
A company is usually formed for the purpose of conducting business that is separate from its owners, the shareholders. The main difference is between public and private companies.
Private companies cannot sell shares to or raise funds from the general public.
Public companies can sell their shares to the general public (which they usually do through a stock exchange).
A company continues to exist despite changes in its owners. A company can hold assets; it can sue, and it can be sued. The profits are distributed to the members as dividends on their shareholding. Losses are borne by the Company. The management of the company is carried out by a board of directors. Private limited companies are often local family businesses and are common in the building, retailing and clothing industries.
A private company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders. They must appoint a director and a company secretary. If the company goes out of business, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount that they have contributed; they have limited liability. Such a company has Ltd. (Limited) after its name.
Many large businesses in the UK are Public Limited Companies (PLC), which means that the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange. Marks & Spencer, British Telecom and the National Westminster Bank are the examples of public limited companies. In the US, businesses take the same basic forms. American companies have abbreviations Inc. and Corp.
Other types of companies are:
1) holding company, a company that owns another company or other companies and which is sometimes referred to as the parent company (most public companies operate through a number of companies controlled by the group’s holding company);
2) subsidiary company, a company controlled by a holding company, usually because the holding company owns (or indirectly owns through another subsidiary) more than 50 per cent of the subsidiary company's shares;
3) associated company, which is a company over which another company has substantial influence; for example it owns between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of its shares.