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On April 12, 1961, the world, with bated breath, watched the Russian pilot Yuri Gagarin on board a huge rocket launch from Earth into outer space. Gagarin became the first cosmonaut, specially prepared for work in space by man.
After 8 years, American Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon. Since then, several hundred astronauts, men and women, have been in space. During the flight, the cosmonauts do different work: they conduct scientific experiments in zero-gravity conditions, leave the spacecraft to eliminate malfunctions in the work of satellites, photograph planets and stars.
Humanity is preparing for the next important milestone in the study of space: to fly to other planets in the solar system. In some countries, for example, in the USA and Britain, cosmonauts are called astronauts.
Astronauts need a long preparation. Candidates are selected carefully. They must be able to work in zero gravity. Gravity holds the spaceship in a near-earth orbit. But there is no gravity in the space, so the cosmonauts swim freely in the compartments of the ship. This phenomenon is called weightlessness.
Dressing for work in outer space is not so easy. The cosmonaut has to wear a spacesuit, and sometimes he wears a knapsack motor that allows him to manoeuvre around the ship. If there was no protective suit, the cosmonaut would explode: the human body is arranged so that everything in it is adapted to the constant pressure of the earth's atmosphere, which is not in the open space. Not to mention the fact that there is no air which is necessary for life.