1) а) CuCl₂ + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)₂ + 2NaCl
Cu²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ +2Na⁺ +OH⁻ = Cu(OH)₂ +2Na⁺ +2Cl⁻
Cu²⁺ + OH⁻ = Cu(OH)₂
б) Cu(OH)₂ + 2HNO₃ = Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O
Cu(OH)₂ + 2H⁺ + 2NO₃⁻ = Cu²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻ + 2H₂O
Cu(OH)₂ + 2H⁺ = Cu²⁺ + 2H₂
в) Cu(NO₃)₂ + Fe = Fe(NO₃)₂ + Cu
Cu⁺² +2e = Cu⁰ | 1
Fe⁰ - 2e = Fe⁺² | 1
2) а) Cu + 4HNO₃ = Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2NO₂ + 2H₂O
Cu⁰ -2e = Cu⁺² | 1
N⁺⁵ + 1e = N⁺⁴ | 2
б) 4NO₂ + O₂ + 2H₂O = 4HNO₃
N⁺⁴ - 1e = N⁺⁵ | 4
O₂⁰ +4e = 2O⁻² | 1
в) HNO₃ + NH₃ = NH₄NO₃
3) а) CaO + 2HNO₃ = Ca(NO₃)₂ + H₂O
б) Ca(NO₃)₂ + Na₂CO₃ = CaCO₃ + 2NaNO₃
Ca²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻ + 2Na⁺ + CO₃²⁻ = CaCO₃ + 2Na⁺ + 2NO₃⁻
Ca²⁺ + CO₃²⁻ = CaCO₃
в) CaCO₃ = CaO + CO₂
4) а) KOH + H₂SO₄(конц.) = KHSO₄ + H₂O
K⁺ + OH⁻ + 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻ = K⁺ + HSO₄⁻ + H₂O
OH⁻ + 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻ = HSO₄⁻ + H₂O
б) KHSO₄ + KOH = K₂SO₄ + H₂O
2K⁺ + HSO₄⁻ + OH⁻ = 2K⁺ + SO₄²⁻ + H₂O
HSO₄⁻ + OH⁻ = SO₄²⁻ + H₂O
в) K₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ = BaSO₄ + 2KCl
2K⁺ + SO₄²⁻ + Ba²⁺ +2Cl⁻ = BaSO₄ + 2K⁺ + 2Cl⁻
SO₄²⁻ + Ba²⁺ = BaSO₄
5) а) Na₂O + 2HBr = 2NaBr + H₂O
б) NaBr + Cl₂ = NaCl + Br₂
2Br⁻¹ -2e = Br₂⁰ | 1
Cl₂⁰ +2e = 2Cl⁻¹ | 1
в) NaCl + AgNO₃ = NaNO₃ + AgCl
Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + Ag⁺ + NO₃⁻ = Na⁺ + NO₃⁻ + AgCl
Cl⁻ + Ag⁺ = AgCl
6) а) Zn + S = ZnS
Zn⁰ -2e = Zn⁺² | 1
S⁰ +2e = S⁻² | 1
б) ZnS + 2HCl = H₂S + ZnCl₂
ZnS + 2H⁺ + 2Cl⁻ = H₂S + Zn²⁺ + 2Cl⁻
ZnS + 2H⁺ = H₂S + Zn²⁺
в) 2H₂S + SO₂ = 3S + 2H₂O
S⁻² -2e = S⁰ | 2
S⁺⁴ +4e = S⁰ | 1
7) а) 4NH₃ + 5O₂ = 4NO + 6H₂O
N⁻³ -5e = N⁺² | 4
O₂⁰ + 4e = 2O⁻² | 5
б) 2NO + O₂ = 2NO₂
N⁺² -2e = N⁺⁴ | 2
O₂⁰ + 4e = 2O⁻² | 1
в) 2NO₂ + 2NaOH = NaNO₂ + NaNO₃ + H₂O
N⁺⁴ +1e = N⁺³ | 1
N⁺⁴ -1e = N⁺⁵ | 1
8) а) SiO₂ + 2Mg = Si + 2MgO
Si⁺⁴ +4e = Si⁰ | 1
Mg⁰ - 2e = Mg⁺² | 2
б) Si + 2NaOH + H₂O = Na₂SiO₃ + 2H₂
Si⁰ -4e = Si⁺⁴ | 1
2H⁺¹ + 2e = H₂⁰ | 2
в) Na₂SiO₃ + CaCl₂ = CaSiO₃ + 2NaCl
2Na⁺ + SiO₃²⁻ + Ca²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ = CaSiO₃ + 2Na⁺ + 2Cl⁻
SiO₃²⁻ + Ca²⁺ = CaSiO₃
9) а) Fe(NO₃)₂ + 2KOH = Fe(OH)₂ + 2KNO₃
Fe²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻ + 2K⁺ + 2OH⁻ = Fe(OH)₂ + 2K⁺ + 2NO₃⁻
Fe²⁺ + 2OH⁻ = Fe(OH)₂
б) 4Fe(OH)₂ + O₂ + 2H₂O = 4Fe(OH)₃
Fe⁺² -1e = Fe⁺³ | 4
O₂⁰ +4e = 2O⁻² | 1
в) 2Fe(OH)₃ = Fe₂O₃ + 3H₂O
10) а) MgSO₄ + 2KOH = Mg(OH)₂ + K₂SO₄
Mg²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ + 2K⁺ + 2OH⁻ = Mg(OH)₂ + 2K⁺ + SO₄²⁻
Mg²⁺ + 2OH⁻ = Mg(OH)₂
б) Mg(OH)₂ = MgO + H₂O
в) MgO + 2HNO₃ = Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂O