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HISTORY OF TAXATION
Political
authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many
pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in
labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system
in medieval Europe.
In
more sophisticated economies
such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central
powers could not practically enforce their
tax policy across a wide realm.
The tax
farmers were obligated to
raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep
whatever else they raised.
Many Christians
have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes,
through Jesus's words "Render unto Caesar the
things that are Caesar's".
There were
certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did
not explicitly tax,
since they were self-supporting,
owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance
of doing
without taxes
was however illusory,
since the government's (usually the Crown's) independent income
sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is
a tax exacted in
kind.
Many taxes were
originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such
as those raised by the American government during the American Civil
War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798
to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic
wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under
the Income War Tax
Act to
cover government expenses resulting from World War I.
The current
income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It
was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at
rates varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax
Code has
been modified and new taxes have been added, especially over the
World War I and II periods. Since World War II, the American Tax Code
has increased in size four-fold.