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The development of computers
1.
The first computers used thousands of separate electrical
components connected together with wires. In the late 1940s, computers were
made using vacuum tubes1, resistors, and diodes. These computers
were called first generation computers.
2.
In 1956, transistors were invented. Transistors are
made from materials called semiconductors. Computers using transistors were
called second generation computers. Second generation computers were smaller
than first generation computers. Second generation computers also used less
electrical power. Both first and second generation computers were very
expensive.
3.
Computer components (such as transistors, diodes,
resistors) can now be made from semiconductor materials of different shapes.
Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor,
called a chip. Such circuits are called integrated circuits2 (ICs).
4.
Computers using integrated circuits were first
produced in the 1960s. They were known as third generation computers. Their
integrated circuits had about 200 components on a single chip. Today, we can
produce more than 100,000 components on a single chip. A chip can be as small
as 0.5 cm
square.
5.
With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has
become much simpler. The manufacturer does not have to connect thousands of
components together. Most of the connections are made inside the chip. It is
even possible to build a complete in a single chip. A processor on single is
called a microprocessor.