On the other hand, complex pedagogical approaches can be
difficult to set up and slow to develop, though they have the potential to
provide more engaging (прилагательное, определение) learning (герундий,
определение) experiences for students. Somewhere between these extremes is an
ideal pedagogy that allows a particular educator to effectively create
educational materials while simultaneously providing
(причастие I, обстоятельство) the most engaging (прилагательное, определение) educational experiences for students.
Summary Marketing (существительное, подлежащее) can be defined as identifying (герундий, часть
составного именного сказуемого) and meeting
(герундий, часть составного именного сказуемого) consumers' wants
profitably. It is not just selling
(герундий, часть составного именного сказуемого), but the whole process of researching (герундий, определение) customer needs, designing
(герундий, определение) the product, promoting (герундий,
определение) the product, getting
(герундий, определение) it into the hands of the consumer and ensuring (герундий, определение)
that the cost of doing (герундий,
определение) all this is less than the revenue. Customer wants are identified
through market research. There are two main classifications of research: desk
research and field research. Desk research is cheaper because it uses published
material, perhaps already available in the firm, in trade magazines, in
government statistics or from some other source. However, because it has been
produced for some other purpose it may not provide the information a firm
needs. Field research can be specifically commissioned, and therefore targeted
to provide detailed information. An example of field research would be a
consumer panel testing (отглагольное существительное, часть составного именного сказуемого) and commenting (отглагольное
существительное, часть составного именного сказуемого) on a trial version of a
product. Maturity Time Market research is the first stage of the product life
cycle (see diagram above). Products go through various stages from introduction
to growth to maturity and finally into decline. The length of time it takes a product to go through each
stage varies. Some high-fashion products are designed to go through all the
stages in just one season. Other products, for example cabbages, have been in
the maturity stage for centuries. The vast majority of ideas which firms come
up with never get out of the development stage. This is because firms have
decided either that there is no market for them or that they cannot satisfy the
market profitably. The early stages of the product life cycle are expensive: paying for research, prototypes and
machines, training workers, advertising, etc., while at the
same time the product is not generating
(причастие I, часть составного глагольного сказуемого) any revenue. During (предлог) the introduction stage sales will hopefully
take off, but marketing (подлежащее) will
still be expensive and production costs will always be incurred. Even for
successful products it will be some time before the cash flowing (причастие
I, определение) in will match
all the cash which is flowing
(причастие, часть составного глагольного сказуемого) out and that which has
been paid out on research and development.