Ex. 10. Open the brackets, putting the verbs in the correct active or passive forms:...

Question

Ex. 10. Open the brackets, putting the verbs in the correct active or passive forms:
Economic Structure
In market economies economic systems are typically subdivided into three sectors. This subdivision (to be based) in part on economic activities pursued and in part on the type of wants satisfied. The primary sector comprises basic activities, the extraction of economic goods from nature: agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, though the extraction of minerals frequently (to be assigned) to the secondary sector which comprises handicrafts and industrial manufacturing of goods and certain material services such as fuel and power and the provision of water. Lastly, the tertiary sector (to consist of) all final services: trade, transport, banking and insurance, public services, etc.
In this context it is worth analysing the development of British economy since the British were Europe's first industrial nation.
Anyone who (to study) economics knows that in every country the first resource is land. Densely-populated Britain has not much of it, but until the 18th century England's economy (to be based) on agriculture and the manufacture of woollen cloth. In the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution (to allow) Britain to become the first industrialized trading nation.
For 200 years manufacturing has been more important, but by the 1970s it (to be) clear the Britain's old manufacturing industries were less progressive than the same industries in other Western European countries. Newer industries, such as car manufacture, were no better than the older ones like textiles. In general, the value of goods produced by a hundred workers had for many years increased much less than in West Germany. In some factories there (to be) not enough new equipment; in others, new equipment was not being used efficiently. Many of the old industries (to be owned) by the state.
After 1979, when Mrs. Thatcher's government (to come) to power the nationalization process (to be reversed), many enterprises (to be sold) off to the private sector. Many plants (to be closed) and in a few years those which survived were no longer needing subsidies. New "high-tech" industries developed. Although manufacturing continues to play an important role, the number of people employed in manufacturing (to fall) by a quarter in 1979-84.
Contrary to the secondary sector, the service industries expanded. More than half of all working people, whether employees or self-employed, are now providing services, working for schools, hospitals, social services, in public administration, in finance, banking, insurance, advertising, catering and entertainment.
Another recent change has been in the growth of self-employment. During the 1980s, the number of people working for themselves, and not as employees, (to rise) by half, from two million to almost three million, or more than one-tenth of the whole working population. This development (to be encouraged) by the government through training courses and tax incentives.

с) Reread the article more carefully and complete the sentences given below, using information from the article.

1. In 1992 ... situation ... difficult.
2. Large macroeconomic imbalances ... in the initial stages of ... economy.
3. ... progress was achieved in ... policies. 4. Real GDP ... by 19 percent in 1992. 5.... fell by 8 percent.
6. The fall in output... factors.
7. The decline in demand followed ....
8. Monthly ... rates ... in January 1992.
9. ... consumer prices ... 2,300 percent.
10. The acceleration of inflation ... policies.
11. Real wages ... of prices.
12. Registered... low.

Answer 1

In market economies economic systems are typically subdivided into three sectors. This subdivision (is based) in part on economic activities pursued and in part on the type of wants satisfied. The primary sector comprises basic activities, the extraction of economic goods from nature: agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, though the extraction of minerals (is frequently assigned) to the secondary sector which comprises handicrafts and industrial manufacturing of goods and certain material services such as fuel and power and the provision of water. Lastly, the tertiary sector (consists of) all final services: trade, transport, banking and insurance, public services, etc.
In this context it is worth analysing the development of British economy since the British were Europe's first industrial nation.
Anyone who (studies) economics knows that in every country the first resource is land. Densely-populated Britain has not much of it, but until the 18th century England's economy (had been based) on agriculture and the manufacture of woolen cloth. In the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution (allowed) Britain to become the first industrialized trading nation.
For 200 years manufacturing has been more important, but by the 1970s it (had been) clear the Britain's old manufacturing industries were less progressive than the same industries in other Western European countries. Newer industries, such as car manufacture, were no better than the older ones like textiles. In general, the value of goods produced by a hundred workers had for many years increased much less than in West Germany. In some factories there (was) not enough new equipment; in others, new equipment was not being used efficiently. Many of the old industries (were owned) by the state.
After 1979, when Mrs. Thatcher's government (came) to power the nationalization process (was reversed), many enterprises (were sold) off to the private sector. Many plants (were closed) and in a few years those which survived were no longer needing subsidies. New "high-tech" industries developed. Although manufacturing continues to play an important role, the number of people employed in manufacturing (fell) by a quarter in 1979-84.
Contrary to the secondary sector, the service industries expanded. More than half of all working people, whether employees or self-employed, are now providing services, working for schools, hospitals, social services, in public administration, in finance, banking, insurance, advertising, catering and entertainment.
Another recent change has been in the growth of self-employment. During the 1980s, the number of people working for themselves, and not as employees, (has risen) by half, from two million to almost three million, or more than one-tenth of the whole working population. This development (is encouraged) by the government through training courses and tax incentives.