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Higher educational establishments of Great Britain.
The structure
of higher education in Great Britain is very complex. Five types of
institutions – 45 universities, teachers’ training colleges, colleges of
advanced technology, technical colleges and art colleges – are the main sourses
of full-time higher education. There is also a small number of specialized
colleges such as the Colleges of Aeronautics and the National Colleges of
Agricultural Engineering.
A university
consists of a number of faculties: theology, medicine, arts, philosophy, law,
music, natural sciences, economics, engineering, agriculture, commerce and
others.
The two
oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Each consists of
largely self-governing, residental colleges. The teaching is based on the
tutorial system as well as lectures. Each student has a tutor, who requires him
to write essays anti papers on the subjects he is studying and give them to him
regularly about once a fortnight for correction and discussion. Selection of
students is mainly in the hands of independent colleges having special ties
with the public schools. The whole system operates with very little public
control, though some children from state schools are admitted. But the cost of
education is so high that not-many can afford entering these universities.
The
universities grant their own degrees. The normal duration of a first degree
course is there years, at the end a bachelor degree is awarded on the results
of examinations. A master degree is usually awarded after a further year or two
years study. The highest degree is the doctor of Philosophy awarded for
research and the submission of a thesis.
Every
university is autonomous and responsible only to its governing body. The
regulations differ from university to university.
In most
universities students have their own ‘unions’ which are centres of cultural and
recreational activity.