1) x² - 6x + 8 = x² - 6x + 9 - 1 = (x-3)² - 1 = (x-3-1)(x-3+1) = (x-4)(x-2)
2) x² + 8x + 7 = x² + 8x + 16 - 9 = (x+4)² - 9 = (x+4-3)(x+4+3) = (x+1)(x+7)
3) x² - 4x -21 = x² - 4x + 4 - 25 = (x-2)² - 5² = (x-2-5)(x-2+5) = (x-7)(x+3)
4) x² + 10x + 9 = x² + 10x + 25 - 16 = (x+5)² - 4² = (x+5-4)(x+5+4) = (x+1)(x+9)